"At Rhodes, at Cyprus and on other grounds
Christened and heathen- must be beleed and calmed
By debitor and creditor"
Thus begins Iago in Shakespeare's play 'Othello.' Venetian rule over Cyprus lasted for 90 years. The island was a frontier fortress, intended to defend the Venetian domains in the eastern Mediterranean from the Ottoman Empire.
The Ottoman conquest of the island happened in 1570. The Ottoman soldiers landed unopposed in Limassol. Larnaca, Paphos and Nicosia fell. Nicosia was able to defend itself for just a few weeks, when it fell. The Turks slaughtered 20,000 people.
The defence of Famagusta lasted longer, 11 months and was one of the greatest battles of its time. The Venetian defenders put up a fight but did not survive to see the arrival of the relief army and were forced to capitulate.
The Ottoman commander, Lala Mustafa Pasha, probably from anger and grief at the death of his first son, went back on his promises of clemency and ordered the garrison to be slaughtered and its leader Bragadino to be skinned alive.
There now began 300 years of Turkish rule. Limassol Castle, torn down by the Venetians, was rebuilt in 1590. The Paphos Castle was rebuilt in 1592. The Larnaca Castle could have been built by the Ottomans, due to its Turkish style and inscriptions according to the famous explorer Abbot Giovanni Mariti. The Limassol and Paphos castles were used as prisons.
The Venetians have gone down in history as hardline despotic rulers, but they created great structures including the Venetian walls in Nicosia. The final Lusignan ruler, Caterina Cornaro left the island weeping and dressed in black. According to George Boustronios "the people likewise shed many tears." The power was then given to Venice. The Venetians were always paranoid of an imminent Ottoman siege of the island, hence the Venetian walls in Nicosia, the Venetian watchtowers in the Larnaca district and the frenetic dismantling of the castles of Limassol and Paphos. There was an evident paranoia, that they would lose Cyprus to the Ottomans.
Some say the Ottoman period was a dark, dismal and gloomy period, but they were here for 300 years and rebuilt the structures destroyed by the Venetians. The Lusignans and Venetians loved art, music and literature, whereas the Ottomans were inward-looking, not allowing for progress and development.
So, who loved this island the most? Who abandoned it the most? Who left it in ruins, the most? Ottoman rule lasted for 300 years. Frankish-Venetian rule for 390 years. Therefore, the island suffered from 690 years of paranoid conflict.
In exchange for military aid in its war with Russia, the Ottoman Empire handed over occupation and the administative rights of Cyprus to Britain in 1878, though the island continued to be an Ottoman possession until 1914 after annexed military occupation, by Britain.
In Shakespeare's Othello, written in 1603, Othello speaks and says:
"Come, let us to the castle
News, friends: our wars are done, the Turks
are drowned."
The voice of an English playwright, preparing Othello for his doomed arrival in Cyprus with his besotted Desdemona.
It seems this island was created to be conquered over and over again throughout the ages, a gem to gamble with. So, who loved us the most? Was it Venice or the Ottomans? Or was it the new rulers of 1878?
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